Takao Nakagawa

We made survey observations of the Orion region in the [CII] 158μm line with a dedicated system called BICE (Balloon-borne Infrared Carbon Explorer). Our observed area was apptoximately 12°×8° and a few hundred times wider than previously observed areas, except for COBE observation. Observational results show large-scale [CII] 185μm line emission in the Orion region. The Intensity ratios [CII] / FIR and CO / FIR varies from place to place, which suggests the [CII] 158μm line was emitted in various phases interstellar gas.

The far-Infrared [CII] 158μm line is the dominant coolant of neutral intersterllar gas. We made survey observations of the [CII] line with a dedicated system called BICE (Balloon-borne Infrared Carbon Explorer). We made two successful balloon campaigns : one to the United States, and the other to Australia. We observed various kinds of objects, including the Galactic plane (255°≲l≲78°, |b|≲3°), the Cygnus-X region, the ρ Ophiuchi dark cloud, and the Large Magellanic Cloud. The observational resulsts are briefly disccused.

One of the difficult problems in the study of the constitutive equation for cyclic plasticity is the prediction of ratchetting behavior which is induced by the superposition of a cyclic secondary load to a constant primary load in the biaxial case, or by the mean stress in a uniaxial case. This paper shows the constitutive equation in which the memorization of the back stress was considered for ratchetting behavior, especially for biaxial ratchetting behavior. To verify the applicability of the constitutive equation to ratchetting behavior, biaxial ratchetting tests were carried out using type 304stainless steel at room temperature. As a result, it was found that the simulations based on the constitutive equation had good agreement with the tests.