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Surface relief associated with isothermal tetragonal-to-monoclinic phase transformation, i.e., martensitic transformation, in zirconia-3mol yttria (PSZ) with and without alumina addition, which occurred during aging at 130°and 200°C in air or vacuum environment was observed by an atomic force microscopy. The surface relief occurred from grain boundaries into grain interiors as the aging time increased and then spread succsessively into the surrounding grains with further aging. However, alumina particles and cubic phase paricles in PSZ containing alumina acted as obstacles for the advance of transformation, which would be the major reason for the improved mechanical properties of PSZ by the addition of alumina.

Near- and far-field characteristics of a germanium soft x-ray laser at the wavelengths of 23.2-23.6 nm (J = 2-1 transitions) and 19.6 nm (J = 0-1 transition) are given for quantitative evaluation of the germanium laser for holographic applications. In-line Gabor holography of simple structured objects, such as thin opaque fibers and a standard electron microscope test specimen, is demonstrated. The holograms were recorded on PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate) photoresists and llford Q-plates. The holograms recorded on PMMA were retrieved with an atomic force microscope. The object image was reconstructed by numerical reconstruction with phase retrieval algorithm, resulting in a clear, ghost-free image with sharp edges which infer sub-μm resolution. Future directions for x-ray laser holography are briefly discussed.